Major Differencies Between Eastern and Western Philosophies as the Basis for Adult Education Essay Example for Free

Major Differencies Between Eastern and Western Philosophies as the Basis for Adult Education Essay Western philosophy has its roots in Athens, Rome and Judeo ­Christianity while Eastern philosophy is derived from Confucianism, Taoism and Mahayana Buddhism. As Greek and Latin are to Western civilisation, so classical Chinese is to East Asian civilisation. I will focus on four major differences between Eastern and Western philosophies. 1. Western Individualism and Eastern Collectivism In the Greco‑Roman tradition, the image of Prometheus powerfully illustrates the struggle for individual freedom. Prometheus had gone against Zeus, the all powerful god who ruled the sky from Mt. Olympus. Prometheus annoyed Zeus by creating human beings. To protect the human beings from Zeus, he stole fire from Hephaestos, the blackmith god and gave it to the human beings. This angered Zeus to the extent that Prometheus was chained to a rock and an eagle tore out his liver. In European consciousness, Prometheus had become the hero who: defied the patriarchy in the name of individual freedom, who brought light into our darkness. He was the saviour who sacrificed himself for the sake of mankind, the benefactor who brought the gift of technology down from heaven, the teacher who taught us that we are not at the whims of the gods any more, who showed us how to use our intelligence to take control of the world. The Christian tradition has also reinforced the notion of individual rights. The Bible speaks of God creating Man in His own image and letting him have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle and over all the earth, and every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth (Genesis 1:26). By comparison, the Chinese live in a world of obligations: obligations to serve the ruler, obligations to work for the family, obligations to obey elders, obligations to help relatives, obligations to do well to glorify the name of ancestors, obligations to defend the country in times of trouble, and obligations to oneself to cultivate ones own virtue. It would also seem that rights only belong to one individual ‑ the Son of Heaven. Confucianism promotes conservatism and this stifles creativity and robs the people of self‑introspection. 2. Fragmentary and Holistic According to Fritjof Capra, the emphasis of rational thought is epitomised in Descartes celebrated statement,Cognito, ergo sum ‑ I think, therefore, I exist. This has forcefully encouraged Westerners to equate their identity with their rational mind rather than with the whole organism. This division between the mind and the body has led to a view of the universe as a mechanical system consisting of separate objects, which in turn were reduced to fundamental building blocks whose properties and interactions were thought to completely determine all natural phenomena. This mechanistic conception of the whole world is still the basis of most of our sciences and continues to have a tremendous influence on our lives. Academic disciplines become fragmented and this has served as a rationale for treating the universe as if it consisted of separate parts to be exploited by different groups. The essence of the Eastern world view is the awareness of the unity and the mutual inter‑relation of all things and events, the experience of all phenomena in the world as manifestation of a basic oneness. All things are seen as independent and inseparable parts of a cosmic whole, as different manifestations of the same ultimate reality. The Eastern traditions refer to this ultimate, indivisible reality as Brahman in Hinduism, Dharmakaya in Buddhism and Tao in Taoism. 3. Conflict and Harmony The Marxist view of history saw change as arising from a dialectic interplay of opposites ‑hence class struggle and conflict. Western civilisation based itself on the struggle between the Good and Evil, God and Satan or Psyche and Cupid. Eastern philosophical thought is based on this notion of the Yin and the Yang. Frithjof Capra describes the Yang as the strong,male creative power associated with Heaven while yin is the dark,receptive, female and maternal element. The dark yin and the bright yang are arranged in a symmetrical manner. They are dynamic ‑ a rotating symmetry suggesting very forcefully a continuous cyclic movement.The two dots in the diagram symbolise the idea that each one of the forces reaches its extreme, it contains in itself the seed of the opposite.Life says Chuang Tzuis the blended harmony of the yin and the yang. Taoism permeates the economic and social lives of the Chinese through geomancy, qigong, Chinese medicine and idol worship. As Chan observes:Almost every hotel, office and commercial building that has gone up within the last decade adheres to certain principles of geomancy or Fengshui ‑ the art and science of harmonising man and nature. 4. Idealism and Pragmatism. The Western idea of democracy does not fit into the Eastern scheme of things easily. In an interview by the Daily Telegraph on 16 October 1989 the former Prime Minister remarked that: I think in a mainly Chinese electorate, the idea of a loyal opposition and an alternative government does not come easily. Youre either for or against the government. The Confucianistic idea of social hierarchy where a persons existence is relational, extending from his family, society and country. The pragmatism of the East is exemplied in the way Confucianism has been used to emphasize order through social hierarchy and the rules and conventions. Taoism provided the meaning of life and thus compliment Confucianism. Confucius preached the doctrine of the here and now. The emphasis is one of life and life and not life and death. The sage hoped to hear the right way in the morning, and die in the evening without regret. What lays the foundation of life for the Chinese is the family and the continuation of the family also means the passing on of experience, culture and thought. The Taoists has an equal view of life and death seeing life and death as the coming out and going back of a human form of existence. Chuang Tsu talks of coming and going . Lao Tzu said,out to life, in to death. The crux of the matter is to make the best of the present.

Threatening Relationships in Carver’s Cathedral Essay -- Carver Cathed

Threatening Relationships in Carver’s Cathedral  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Although many critics have written numerous accounts of Richard Carver’s "Cathedral" as being about revelation and overcoming prejudice, they have overlooked a very significant aspect: the unfolding of marital drama. The story tells of how a close outside friendship can threaten marriage by provoking insecurities, creating feelings of invasion of privacy, and aggravating communication barriers. The close outside friendship between the narrator’s wife and Robert, the blind man, provokes the narrator’s insecurities. This friendship has lasted for ten long years. During those years, they have exchanged countless voice tapes wherein they both tell each other what has happened in their respective lives. Because of this, the narrator feels that his wife has told Robert more than Robert needs to know. The narrator laments, "she told him everything or so it seemed to me" (1054). The narrator’s fear is somehow confirmed when Robert arrives and says that he feels like they have already met (1055). The narrator is left wondering what his wife has disclosed. This murky situation leaves the narrator feeling insecure, especially when he sees the warm interaction between his wife and Robert. The narrator’s insecurities unfold when it takes him almost five pages just to demonstrate how close the friendship is between his wife and Robert. It is as though he is justifying his irrational behavior or perhaps questioning if his wife could be secretly in love with Robert. The narrator assumes this because his wife only writes poems if something really important happens to her. He recalls that his wife never forgot that instant when Robert "touched his fingers to every part of her face... ...m. Ed. Thomas Volteler. Detroit: Gale Research, 1989. 23-28. Carver, Raymond. "Cathedral." The Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. 1052-1062. Eder, Richard. "Pain on the Face of Middle America." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Daniel G. Marowski. Detroit: Gale Research Publishing, Inc., 1986. 103. Works Consulted Robinson, Marilynne. " Marriage and other Astonishing Bonds." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz. Detroit: Gale Publishing Inc., 1989. 276-278. Weele, Michael Vander. "Raymond Carver and the language of Desire." Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Volteler. Detroit: Gale Publishing Inc., 1989. 36-41. Yardley, Jonathan. " Raymond Carver’s American Dreamers." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Eds. Daniel Marowski and Roger Matuz. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1989. 63.      

Horses by Edwin Muir Essay

This poem presents us with a post apocalyptic world in which evil triumphs over good –â€Å"and their great hulk were seraphim of gold/, Or mute ecstatic monster on the mould. † Or what a child might believe to be the Apocalypses –Perhaps some childish hour has come again. This is because in the first stanza he is only looking at regular horses but as he starts to watch the â€Å"through the blackening rain† they start to turn evil; but by the by the time the last stanza come about they start to fade away and the â€Å"black field and the still standing tree† return. He also constantly uses rhymes through the whole poem, it been such a basic poetry tool; it infancies the theory that it might be nothing more than a childhood memory. I think it’s common in the civilized West to associate this sort of revelation with childhood, as part of a natural inheritance we lose as we grow up. The last stanza makes me think of Housman’s land of lost content, yet Muir’s poem is clearly suggesting something more than what one might call the everyday magic of a child’s perspective. These horses are not simply magical, they’re elemental, totemic, numinous. If we take these presences to have been part of the common life of farming in Orkney in the late 19th century, then it should be borne in mind that Muir wasn’t cut off from this particular source by time alone, but by place and culture. He said that in moving from Orkney to Glasgow he aged about 150 years, and he was not being jocular.

The Impact of the Industrial Revolution in America Essay

There is no question that the Industrial Revolution had an enormous impact on American society between 1870 and 1940, but the question is what kind of an impact did it have during this period. The overall effect of the Industrial Revolution turned out to be a positive push towards modernization in America. As Stephen Gardiner, a British architect and writer during the 20th century, said, â€Å"The Industrial Revolution was another one of those extraordinary jumps forward in the story of civilization.† While Gardiner hit the nail on the head with his quote, the part of the story that most people tend to forget is just how quickly we Americans, made that extraordinary jump forward. There were Americans, who, at one point in their life were†¦show more content†¦In the years following the war, once everything had settled down and the United States of America was whole again, technology really began to pick up. At the start of the 1870s, America was in the beginning s tages of becoming a very technologically advanced nation. Some of the key ingredients that America already had for the future were, electricity, steal, railroads, chemistry, and the most important one of all engineers of production. These engineers were innovators and wanted to be able to mass-produce anything that they could. In order to mass-produce at a high capacity, the engineers believed that America must create parts interchangeably. This enabled manufacturers to manufacture things such as, guns, clocks, bicycles, typewriters, and even engines very quickly. Whether America knew it or not, this was the beginning to something that would forever change the way the world operated. Because many manufactured goods were now being made interchangeably, the efficiency for manufacturing consumer goods was at an all-time high. Soon, the economies of scale technique was introduced and manufacturers were now able to figure out how much it cost per product depending on the supply, de mand, and actual cost of the product. It was now much easier for innovators to focus on upgrading these products, instead of having to make them one by one. Once it was easier to upgrade machines, newShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of The Industrial Revolution On America1060 Words   |  5 Pagesanybody in America, this is shown leading up to the first half of the 20th century. During the first century and a half, the United States was focused on territorial expansion and economic growth. This led the United States to become a young vibrant nation. The next half century international and domestic events transpired which led the nation to become a world power in the 20th century. To understand the power shifts in the beginning of the modern era, it is important to understand the impact of theRead MoreImpact Of The Industrial Revolution On Australia And America1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe industrial revolution was the change of the world. These changes were a development of machines and technology to make life easier by making things. The industrial revolution has changed the lives of many. Not only did it make work easier, more people were employed and services were updated and improved. The industrial revolution population increased. More homes were built, food was much cheaper because there was lots to go around. The industrial revolution has changed Australia and America betweenRead MoreImpact Of The American Industrial Revolution On Modern America1273 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of the American Industrial Revolution on the of Modern America Introduction The Industrial Revolution started around 1750. It began in Britain and it spread throughout the World. Although full industrial development would only occur after 1815, the industrial revolution began in the United States during the 1790s and early 1800s. The Industrial Revolution was marked by three key developments specialization, mechanization, and distribution. Specialization meant the breaking down of the meansRead MoreThe Invention Of The First Industrial Revolution1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe First Industrial Revolution Envision living in a society dominated by factories that just recently transformed from arable land and farms. Imagine constantly hearing about brand new inventions and ideas that were deemed impossible only a few years ago. Visualize working long hours in cramped factories, in exchange for low pay and contagious diseases. For some people that lived during the age of industrialization, this was their reality of life. During the 18th and 19th century, the world wasRead MoreEssay about The Industrial Revolution in America1118 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica has been expanding and growing since its birth out of Great Britain. The Industrial Revolution has been an influence in the American life since it first began in the 1700s. Many of the effects resulting from the revolution still affect America to this day. The entrepreneurs of this time and their industry still are around, although they have molded and shaped themselves into better products their still known from the originality of it all. Although the Industrial Revolution began hundredsRead Morefactors that contributed to the rise and development of sociology1511 Words   |  7 Pagesunrests especially the French Revolution that took over from the eighteenth century to the nineteenth century. The turmoil of the French Revolution spread throughout Europe and other nations. Kornblum (2008) suggests that the political upheavals were associated with tremendous social changes. The political revolutions demolished the old social order and monarchies. There was social chaos and disorder in societies that were resulted in by the political revolutions especially in the French societyRead MoreThe Atlantic Slave Trade1392 Words   |  6 Pagessystem of slavery that took place between the 16th and 19th centuries. It comprised of capturing African tribesmen and women from areas of Western and Central Africa and placing them into the colonies of the New World in North, Central, and South America. Many countries like Eng land, Portugal, Spain, Holland, and France, had participated in enslaving the African peoples. The African slaves were used to exploit an array of commodities such coffee, cotton, rum, sugar, and tobacco, and eventually theyRead MoreEffects Of The Columbian Exchange1121 Words   |  5 Pagesoften looked at and thought of for all of the good things it brought, like the exchange of animals, plants, and food between the Old World and the New World. But the Columbian Exchange also included the transfer of diseases between Europe and the Americas.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Old World diseases were transferred European sailors to Native Americans. The diseases played at least as big of role in defeating the Native Americans as advanced weaponry did (Craig). In the first 20 years after the first encounter, whereverRead MoreAmerican and French Revolution - Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican and French Revolutions declared that their goal was to create a new political system based on the principles of liberty and equality. However, the interpretation of those ideas by the American Founding Fathers turned out to be distinctly different from that of the French revolutionaries. How did those different interpretations of the concepts of liberty and equality affect the outcomes and the legacies of both revolutions? Analyze, compare, and contrast. The American Revolution officially beganRead MoreIndustrialization Of The Industrial Revolution Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesMorgan. The Industrial Revolution completely restructured the old America into a completely different place in which we now live in. These changes brought about railroads, manufacturing cities, and population growth; this also brought new inventions such as electricity and steel itself. Although it had some positive impacts, it also introduced new problems such as the dramatic difference between the rich and the poor. Overall, it led to the change from agriculture to machinery. The Industrial Revolution

Jamaica Kincaids essay On Seeing England for the first Time

Jamaica Kincaids essay On Seeing England for the first Time Its shit being Scottish! Were the scum of the fucking earth! Some people hate the English. I dont. Theyre just wankers. Were the ones what were colonised by wankers. We couldnt even pick a decent bunch of people to be colonised by. -Irvine Welsh, Trainspotting The cultural ties to empire are not so easy to efface as the political ones. This is perhaps one of the most important lessons the world has learned from the mass movement towards independence on the part of European colonies in the past half-century. Even we Americans, more than two hundred years after having rejected the British monarchy and all it stands for, are forever poking our noses in the†¦show more content†¦Yet an explicit affirmation of this hatred is not necessary; the reader is quick to appreciate the irony and utter absurdity of her situation and that of Antigua. Kincaid makes us want to condemn the imperialistic attitudes which fostered this indoctrination of English values and also the supposition that this culture was somehow inherently superior to any other. By putting her readers in her own position, and by appealing to their sense of the absurd, Kincaid is very effectively able to elicit sympathy. Kincaid was never prepared for England as it is; all she had to go on was the idea of England that was presented to her as a child. She never had a single real tie to England: No one I knew had ever been and returned to tell me about it. All the people I knew who had gone to England had stayed there (356). In England she is conscious of the fact that she is an outsider. She is made to feel this way by the difference she perceives between the English and herself: Their skins were so pale, it made them look so fragile, so weak, so ugly . . . they didnt like me, and it occurred to me that their dislike for me was one of the few things they agreed upon (357). The racial difference breeds a mutual distrust. She is made to feel she can never truly be English because of her race, ancestry, and the history ofShow MoreRelatedSeeing England For the First Time786 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ On Seeing England for the First Time The effect of imperialism on small colonies is sometimes intrusive and constrained. Jamaica Kincaid devotes her essay, Seeing England for the First Time, to her profound mysticism she has towards England as she grows up on the island of Antigua before it becomes an independent country. With descriptive language, Kincaid reveals her frustration for England within the classroom and at her home through use of imagery and satire. The earliest memoriesRead MoreSimilarities Between Imperialism And Post Colonialism1606 Words   |  7 PagesImperialism, colonialism, and post colonialism are all a very important part of history. Each of these are present in the writings for the topic of the essay. The three writings that will be discussed are Clarice Lispectors The Smallest Woman In The World, Jamaica Kincaids On Seeing England For The First Time, and Civil Peace by Chinua Achebe. Each of these writings give great examples of imperialism, colonialism, and post colonialism through different perspectives and from different parts of

The Importance Of Ethics And Professionalism At Aaa Colorado

Vision: AAA Colorado will lead the federation in Total Member Satisfaction while holding bottom line fiscal responsibilities. We will enact this by empowering and enabling our diverse workforce for success, using cutting edge technologies to decrease member wait time and increase employee efficiency and productivity. Overall Goal Our goal is to understand the importance of ethics and professionalism at AAA Colorado so we can minimize risk and maximize benefits to club members, improve upon employee and member satisfaction through valid research studies and application of findings and ensure the trust, security and peace of mind of all of our members. Objectives and Desired Outcomes Accountable - Ethical reviews account for laws and†¦show more content†¦Ethics is neither right nor wrong but a set of principles that guides us as we maneuver through the daily decisions. It is important to understand that business conduct must follow and hold compliance with the law. Professional ethics are the standards and principles of behavior adopted by members of an occupation. Professional ethics are followed in conjunction with the ethical culture of an organization. A stakeholder is someone that has a vested interest in the outcome and success of an organization. Due to the nature of interest the stakeholder has, it is important that the leadership of an organization listens to, respects and maintains open lines of communication. Code of Ethics A code of ethics has been established to provide moral and behavioral guidelines that are to be followed by AAA Colorado’s board members, executive staff and all exempt and non-exempt employees. Principles are found within the code that reflect the behaviors expected of all AAA Colorado employees. While holistic in nature, the AAA Colorado Code of Ethics does not serve as an all-inclusive policy and should be supplemented with ongoing ethics training. Board members, executive staff and all exempt and non-exempt staff are expected to abide by the following behavioral principles: 1. Follow the Code of Ethics policy at all times. 2. Implement and be accountable for an ethics hotline. 3. Implement and follow a

International Journal of Engineering and Industrial Management

Question: Describe them and outline the role they play in relation to your product. Describe how they work with your company. Identify the key risks if the relationship between your company and this player broke down. Identify a way this player could be leveraged to provide your company with an additional opportunity. Answer: Introduction In todays business environment, it is not possible for the companies to enhance sales without developing an effective marketing strategy, even if the companies are offering superior quality and reasonable price. The concepts of modern marketing management have changed the way of doing business widely during the last two decades (Kotler et al. 2014, p. 107). Although, Telstra is one of the most valuable Telecommunication brands in Australia, but the company has to compete with many leading international brands such as Optus and Vodafone (Telstra.com.au, 2015). Therefore, it has become essential for the management of Telstra to develop effective marketing strategies, which will help them to attract more customers and to gain competitive advantages. Other Players of Importance in the Marketplace This particular assignment is based on an internet company named as Telstra. Telstra is one of the most popular and big Australian Tele Communication company. In entire Australia, there are 16.7 million mobile services and 7.3 million fixed voice services. This particular company is ranked as No. 1 Australian Tele Communication Company. The entire telecommunication sector falls under the oligopoly market structure. There are four different kinds of market structure, which are present in the market place (Costa, 2015, p. 93). Perfectly competitive market structure, Monopoly market structure, Monopolistic market structure and Oligopoly Market Structure. The features of oligopoly market structure differ from other marketing structure. The interdependence of business firm is very much high in case of this particular market structure. The decision-making power of one industry affects the proceedings of other industries (Hollensen, 2015, p. 138). Other players of importance in the Telecommunication Marketplace in Australia for the company Telstra include various telecommunication retail stores, advertising Medias and the Government of Australia. The Government of Australia has imposed various rules and regulations regarding the Telecommunication usage for the households purposes. In addition, the Australian economy is largely depended upon the telecommunication industry in Australia (Mller and Parvinen, 2015, p. 11). Therefore, it is obvious that the management of Telstra will get extensive support from the Government for being a successful and the largest Telecommunication and Media brand in Australia. However, the management of Telstra must abide by the rules and regulations imposed by the Government for avoiding the chances of getting involved within various legal consequences (Telstra.com.au, 2015). In addition, the Government can take an initiative to encourage or to influence the Australian consumers for subscribing the domestic brand Telstra and that will be helpful for both the company and the Australian economy (Yang and Su, 2014, p. 721). Various telecommunication retail stores, advertising Medias are the ones, who will be directly approaching the customers to promote Home Internet Plan of Telstra. Therefore, they have key significance for enhancing sales. However, the management must consider maintaining regular communication and effective collaboration with them, as any conflict or issue with them may affect their sales largely. Recommendations Research Questions 1. What kind of market structure does this particular company belongs? 2. What are the different kinds of marketing strategies? 3. What are the features of these particular marketing strategies? 4. What are the marketing needs or importance for promoting Home Internet Plan of Telstra? 5. What are the marketing strategies implemented by the key competitors of Telstra for promoting similar product? 6. What are the recommended marketing strategies for promoting Home Internet Plan of Telstra? Explanations of the Research Questions This particular assignment mainly deals with the Telecommunication sector of Australia. Telstra is the company, which is considered as one of the most popular and one of the biggest companies in the entire Australian telecommunication market. The researcher in this particular assignment mainly deals with the first research question. This particular research question mainly deals with the marketing structure, which this company belong. The entire telecommunication sector belongs to the oligopoly market structure. The features of the oligopoly market are different as compared with other marketing structure. The concept of the interdependence of different firms is highly applicable in this particular market structure. The decision making of one firm affects the decision making of other firms. All the required decision making system of different firms affects the proceedings of other firms. The decision-making system is one of the most important factors in the proceedings of the business in this particular market structure. Research Methodologies There are different kinds of research methodologies, which are used by the researcher in order to complete the research work. Based on the situations and the type of research work the research adopts different kinds of research methodologies in order to complete the research work. In this particular research work, the researcher mainly used the concept of the data collection methods. It is one of the most effective and important and effective part of the research work. On the other hand, it is one of the most difficult jobs faced by the researcher to complete the research work by proving the time (Roberts et al. 2014, p. 131). In this project, the researcher has used two kinds of data collection methods. One is the primary method of data collection and on the other hand the secondary method of data collection. Both of the data collection methods are very much useful in the proceedings of the research work. In the entire data collection methods different information are collected by t he researcher to complete the research work. In the telecommunication, sector the decision making of one-business firms effects the decision marking of other companies. Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Collection Methods In this particular assignment, the researcher has used the concept of data collection method in the proceedings of the research work. Primary research method is essential to get an overview of larger demography. However, it is essential for the researchers to conduct cross-sectional research using larger sample size for getting more valid and reliable research outcome. On the other hand, secondary research is important for getting theoretical overview regarding marketing aspects. However, the researcher must consider the relevant and updated secondary data from reliable sources (Anfara Jr and Mertz, 2014, p. 394). Conclusion The current research concludes the importance of developing marketing strategies and the importance of various marketing management aspects such as consumer segmentation for the product Home Internet Plan of Telstra. The current study also concludes that it is essential for the companies like Telstra to analyse their competitors and surrounding macro-environmental factors for developing effective marketing strategies relevant and suitable for their products or services. In addition, the current research sheds light on the importance of research methodologies for evaluating valid and reliable research outcome. Reference List Costa, L. (2015). The transformation of wholesale (B2B) telecommunications products into true services.International Journal of Engineering and Industrial Management, (5), 93-114 Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., Ancarani, F., and Costabile, M. (2014).Marketing management 14/e. Pearson Mller, K., and Parvinen, P. (2015). An impact-oriented implementation approach in business marketing research: Introduction to the Special Issue on Implementing Strategies and Theories of B2B Marketing and Sales Management.Industrial Marketing Management,45, 3-11 Yang, Z., and Su, C. (2014). Institutional theory in business marketing: A conceptual framework and future directions.Industrial Marketing Management,43(5), 721-725 Anfara Jr, V. A., and Mertz, N. T. (Eds.). (2014).Theoretical frameworks in qualitative research. Sage publications Roberts, J. H., Kayande, U., and Stremersch, S. (2014). From academic research to marketing practice: Exploring the marketing science value chain.International Journal of Research in Marketing,31(2), 127-140 Telstra.com.au, (2015). Telstra - mobile phones, prepaid phones, broadband, internet, home phones, business phones. [online] Available at: https://www.telstra.com.au/ [Accessed 3 Sep. 2015]